From:
http://www.investorsdailyedge.com/article.aspx?id=1840
Peak Oil...What about Peak Gold?
Posted by Jon Herring on 1/23/2009
Jon Herring
Over the years, I'm sure you have heard a lot about "peak oil" - a condition whereby the remaining reserves of oil become harder to find, harder to extract and of lower quality. This results in declining production, even in the face of rising demand.
But you probably haven't heard much about "peak gold", where a very similar scenario is playing out.
In a free market, increasing demand and rising prices provide a significant incentive for producers to increase the supply of an item. And that's usually how it works. But that's not what is happening in the gold market.
Demand is certainly increasing. According to the United States Geological Survey, the demand for gold reached 1,133 tonnes in 2008, an 18% increase from the previous year. In dollar terms, this represented a 51% increase to an all-time record $31.8 billion.
2008 was also the year when the price of gold hit an all-time high over $1,000 an ounce. In fact, the price of gold has risen every single year since 2001.
These forces should have resulted in the production of gold rising as well, with producers scrambling to capitalize on the favorable conditions. However, despite record demand and record prices, worldwide gold production has been falling since 2001.
* South African gold production peaked in the 1970s
* Brazilian production peaked in 1982
* Canadian production peaked in 1991
* Australian production peaked in 1997
* U.S. production peaked in 1998
Combined, these countries currently represent 40% of the world's gold production.
This does not suggest that we are "running out of gold", just as we are not running out of oil. However, it does suggest three things:
1. The world's mines are depleting their reserves, particularly their high grade ore
2. The remaining supplies of gold are becoming harder to find
3. On average, new gold discoveries are becoming smaller and of lower quality
According to the Metals Economic Group, despite an estimated $18 billion in exploration expenditure over the past five years, the quality and number of new gold deposits dropped.
As with oil, most of the biggest gold discoveries have already been made. This is quite clear in the graph below, from mining company BHP Billiton. Pay attention to the red bars. These represent "world class discoveries" - a gold deposit of more than five million ounces.
This chart shows that there were only four world-class discoveries in the 1990s, with none since 1993. This chart stops in 2001. There has been one world-class discovery made since then, a discovery made by Aurelian Resources in 2006. In other words, there has only been one world-class gold discovery made in the last 15 years.
Now, compare that to the production numbers. In recent years, the world's top five gold producing companies have each produced between 3.5 and 7 million ounces per year. In other words, just to replace their reserves, the top five companies would each have to find one world-class discovery… every year. In total, we have found only a few of these since 1990.
Gold producers could make up for these numbers by adding numerous smaller discoveries, but as you see in the chart above, those are declining as well. It is no surprise therefore that gold production is falling, and has been for almost a decade.
And even if a big discovery is made, it can take anywhere from three to as many as 10 years to build and permit a mine before production can begin.
The bottom line is that the demand for gold is highly elastic and can increase dramatically, even from today's record levels. At the same time, however, the supply of new gold is highly inelastic. It is heavily constrained, and even with an all-out effort can only be increased very slowly - if at all.
The fundamentals for gold have never been stronger. Countries around the world are debasing their currencies at a rate that is historically unprecedented. Demand for gold should only continue to increase as more and more people shift from paper currencies and financial assets to hard assets and tangible forms of wealth.
So where are the new supplies of gold going to come from?
Mining is a depleting business. If a company does not replace the reserves it sells each year, that company will someday cease to exist. The major producers are voraciously hungry for new gold reserves. But they can't go out and find them by themselves. The best exploration geologists no longer work for the big companies. They work for and own the smaller, more nimble outfits - the junior resource companies. In fact, of all new discoveries, 75 percent are made by the juniors.
Got Gold?